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GEB 501: Computational Genomics and Systems Biology(1
unit)
Computational Genomics:
Genetic and physical map of a genome,
Genome sequencing and assembly of
contigs, Comparative analysis of genomes from multicellular eukaryotes:
the Gene Ontology
in comparative genomics, Genomics and developmental biology of
Drosophila, Sequence analysis and evolution of RNA genes,
Computational identification of RNA genes in genomic DNA, RNA
interference (RNAi), Micro RNAs and gene regulation, Applications of
genome analysis in identification of drug targets.
Introduction
to Computational Systems Biology:
Systems Biology: a new
approach to decoding life, Molecular
systems biology: constructing and modelling of genetic networks, control
theory and genetic networks. Cellular systems biology: local activation
and global inhibition models, gradient sensing systems, Developmental
systems biology: general pattern formation models,
Comparative systems
biology: cross-species comparison of networks.
Biological
Networks: Network
biology: understanding the cell's functional organization,
reconstructing transcriptional regulatory modules and networks,
Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) Networks: biological experiments,
computational techniques and analyses, databases. Metabolic Networks:
structural properties of metabolic networks, modeling metabolic
networks. Designer Networks: Engineered Gene Circuits.
Microarray analysis an
introduction: Computational biology:
to understand the complex biological systems. Microarray technologies:
data processing, design and analysis of microarray experiments and their
applications in identification of complex genetic diseases; drug
discovery, mutation and polymorphism detection (SNPs) and differing
expression of genes over time, between tissues and disease states.
References:
1.
From molecular to modular cell biology, L H Hartwell, J J
Hopfield, S Leibler & A W Murray, Nature 402, C47 - C52 (1999)
2.
A New Approach To Decoding Life: Systems Biology Trey Ideker,
Timothy Galitski, Leroy Hood Annual Review of Genomics and Human
Genetics Sep 2001, Vol. 2: 343-372.
3.
Computational systems biology, H. Kitano, Nature 420, 206 - 210
(2002).
4.
Systems Biology: A Brief Overview, H. Kitano, Science, 295,
1662-1664, 2002.
5.
Genomics, gene expression and DNA arrays, Lockhart, D.J. and
Winzeler, E.A. 2000, Nature 405: 827-836.
6.
Detecting Protein Function and Protein-Protein Interactions from
Genome Sequences. Edward M. Marcotte, Matteo Pellegrini, Ho-Leung Ng,
Danny W. Rice, Todd O. Yeates, David Eisenberg.
7.
Predictome: a database of putative functional links between
proteins, J. C. Mellor, I. Yanai, K. H. Clodfelter, J. Mintseris, and C.
DeLisi, Nucleic Acids Res., January 1, 2002; 30(1): 306 - 309.
8.
Whole-genome annotation by using evidence integration in
functional-linkage networks. Karaoz U, Murali TM, Letovsky S, Zheng Y,
Ding C, Cantor CR, Kasif S. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Mar
2;101(9):2888-93. Epub 2004 Feb 23. PMID: 14981259
9.
Whole-proteome prediction of protein function via graph-theoretic
analysis of interaction maps. Nabieva E, Jim K, Agarwal A, Chazelle B,
Singh M. Bioinformatics. 2005 Jun 1;21 Suppl 1:i302-i310.
10.
A novel genetic system to detect
protein-protein interactions Fields, S. and Song, O. 1989. . Nature 340:
245-246.
11.
A comprehensive analysis of protein-protein interactions in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Uetz, P. et al., Nature 403: 623-627, 2000.
12.
The large-scale organization of metabolic networks Jeong et al.,
Nature. 2000 Oct 5;407(6804):651-4
13.
Hierarchical Organization of Modularity in Metabolic Networks,
Ravasz et al., Science. 2002 Aug 30;297(5586):1551-5
14.
Integrated genomic and proteomic analyses of a systematically
perturbed metabolic network. Ideker T, Thorsson V, Ranish JA, Christmas
R, Buhler J, Eng JK, Bumgarner R, Goodlett DR, Aebersold R, Hood L.
Science. 2001 May 4;292(5518):929-34.
15.
Computational studies of gene regulatory networks: in numero
molecular biology. Hasty, J., McMillen, D., Isaacs, F. & Collins, J. J.
Nature Rev. Genet. 2, 268-279 (2001).
16.
GENETIC "CODE": Representations and Dynamical Models of Genetic
Components and Networks Alex Gilman and Adam P. Arkin. Annual Review of
Genomics and Human Genetics Sep 2002, Vol. 3, pp. 341-369.
17.
The systems biology markup language (SBML): a medium for
representation and exchange of biochemical network models, Hucka M et
al. Bioinformatics. 2003 Mar 1;19(4):524-31. PMID: 12611808
18.
Construction of a genetic toggle switch in Escherichia coli.
Gardner, T. S., Cantor, C. R. & Collins, J. J. Nature 403, 339-342
(2000).
19.
A synthetic oscillatory network of transcriptional regulators.
Elowitz, M. B. & Leibler, S. Nature 403, 335-338 (2000).
20.
Yang YH, Buckley MJ, Dudoit S, Speed TP (2000) Comparison of
methods for
21.
image analysis on cDNA microarray data. Technical Report 584,
Department
22.
of Statistics, UC-Berkeley.
23.
2. Yang YH, Dudoit S, Luu P, Speed TP (2000) Normalization for
cDNA microarray
24.
data. Technical Report 589, Department of Statistics, UC-Berkeley
25.
3. Kerr and Churchill(2001), Experimental design for gene
expression microarrays,
26.
Biostatistics, 2:183-201.
27.
4. Dudoit S, Yang YH, Callow MJ, Speed TP (2000) Statistical
methods for identifying
28.
differentially expressed genes in replicated cDNA microarray
experiments.
29.
Technical Report, Department of Statistics, UC-Berkeley.
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GEB 502: Oncology and
Virology(1 unit)
A.
Oncology:
1. Definitions and terminologies, benign
and malignant tumor: Biology
and tumor cell growth, clonality and kinetics of tumor cell growth, host
factors affecting tumor cell growth, in vitro tumor cell growth,
karyotypic changes in tumors.
2.
Metastasis: Pathways
and mechanism. Transformation of a normal cell to its malignant
counterpart, and the consequences of malignant transformation on the
cellular and organism level. Transformation process from the initial
cellular damage and stepwise tumor evolution to the clinical picture,
diagnostics and cancer therapy.
3.
Causes of Cancer:
Carcinogenic agents and their cellular
interactions:
i) Chemical
carcinogenesis - mechanism
of chemical carcinogenesis and carcinogenic chemicals.
(ii) Radiation carcinogenesis - UV rays, ionizing radiation,
mechanism of radiation carcinogenesis, viral carcinogenesis.
(iii) Oncogenesis - DNA and RNA oncogenic viruses,
mechanism of viral oncogenesis.
4. Oncogenes and cancer: Cancer related genes,
including oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes and DNA-repair genes; their
normal cellular function, mutagenesis and consequences of their mutant
state in cancer, activation of proto-oncogene, cancer suppressor genes (antioncogenes),
Hereditary cancer.
5. Host
tumor interactions:
Effect of tumor on
host, host defense against tumors. Tumor biology: The biological
behaviour of tumors, Cell cycle control and apoptosis, Growth factors.
Tumor progression and metastasis. The stepwise transformation process.
The interaction between malignant and normal cells. Tumor virology.
Research methodology.
6.
Malignant diseases: Diagnosis. Molecular tumor pathology. The major
treatment principles of cancer (surgery, radiotherapy, hormonal
treatment, and biological therapy). Novel and developing treatment
strategies. Cancer epidemiology. Prevention. Clinical trials.
7. Human cancer:
Biochemical tests and laboratory diagnosis of cancer, Treatment
of cancer. Breast Cancer: A case study
B. Virology:
1. Major groups of viruses:
Bacterial, plant and animal viruses with their nomenclature and
classification.
2.
Cultivation, detection and assay of virus: Serological and
molecular detection, plaque assay (PFU), infectious center assay,
one-hit kinetic and two-hit kinetics of
virus cultivation.
3. Host virus interaction: Attachment,
entry and uncoating, replication, assembly and maturation, exit of virus
from host cells.
4. Animal virus: Classification based on
gene expression, studies on virion structure, infectivity, mode of gene
expression and virus assembly
5. Effect of animal
viruses on host cells:
Cytolytic effects,
morphological and biochemical observations, inhibitions of proteins,
RNA and DNA synthesis, pattern of viral infection- acute,
chronic, persistent and latent viral infection.
6. Genetic
variability in viruses:
Viral modulation of the
cell cycle (1) Viral interference with antigen presentation
mechanisms; (2) viral evasion of cellular immune responses; (3) viral
inhibitors of chemokines; and (4) viral inhibitors of apoptosis.
7.
Virus Transformation of Cells:
Mechanisms of
Cell Transformation,
RNA Transforming
Viruses,
DNA Transforming
Viruses,
Tumour Suppressor
Proteins
8.
Prevention and control of viral infection:
General prevention strategies. immunization
with vaccines and antiviral drugs, mechanism of action and limitations
of use of these drugs. RNA interference - antiviral effects and viral
modulation of RNAi RNAi for modulating viral (HIV Hepatitis C)
replication; RNA interference for treating cancers caused by viral
infection.
9. Viral
Immunopathogenesis: Immune response to viral infection, Pathogenesis
of AIDS, SARs and Dengue. Advances in HIV molecular biology
10. Interferon:
Chemical nature and
classification, induction of interferon synthesis and development of
antiviral state by interferon, molecular basis of interferon action,
viral interference not mediated by interferon.
Recommended
books
1. Molecular Oncology
Ian Tannock, Richard
Hill, Robert Bristow, Lea Harrington: The Basic Science of Oncology.
McGraw-Hill, 4th ed.
2005.
2. Principles of
Molecular Virology, 4th edition
Alan Cann
Acadamic press
3. Molecular Virology
DR Harper ,DR Harper and PR Kinchingtion
4. Principles of Molecular Oncology
M. H. Bronchud, M. A. Foote, G. Giaccone, O.
Olopade, P. Workman (eds). Second edition, Humana Press, 2004
5. http://www.tulane.edu/~dmsander/WWW/335/Trans2.html
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GEB 503: Immunogenetics
and Diagnostics(1 unit)
- Immunoglobulin genes and antibody diversity:
Immunoglobulin genes; Isotypic, allotypic and idiotypic
variations; Somatic mutation and somatic recombination; theories of
antibody formation; Evidences for Dreyer and Bennett’s hypothesis for
recombination of V and C genes; Molecular mechanism of recombination
between immunoglobulin gene segments; generation of antibody
diversity.
- Membrane receptors for antigen: B-cell
receptor (BCR); T-cell antigen receptor, genes of the TCR, generation
of diverse TCRs by recombination of V, D and J segments,
transcriptional control of TCR genes; NK receptors, mechanisms of
cytotoxicity, induction of apoptosis by cytotoxic T-cells and NK
cells, apoptosis mediated by caspases, Fas or TNF receptor-mediated
signals for cytotoxicity; Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
genomic organization and expression, transcriptional regulation of MHC
expression, HLA-disease association.
- T cell activation and signal transduction by
the TCR complex: General features of T lymphocyte activation;
roles of costimulators in T cell activation; intracellular signaling
events during T cell activation; involvement of tyrosine kinases/phosphatases;
Ras-MAP kinase signaling pathways in T lymphocytes; Ca- and PKC-mediated
signaling pathways in T lymphocytes; activation of transcription
factors that regulate T cell gene expression.
- Cytokine and cytokine receptors:
Cytokines and cytokine receptor families, defects in cytokine
receptors and diseases, basic model for cytokine activation,
intracellular signaling pathways induced by IFN and TNF, cytokine
production by the T-cell subsets, proinflammatory cytokines, chemokine
family, Cytokine network, cytokine diseases and therapies.
- B-cell development and cell cooperation:
Primary B-cell development, activation of B-cells by T-dependent and
–independent antigens; cell surface molecules involved in T- and
B-cell interaction; stages in B-cell activation and development,
B-cell development in germinal center; B-cell differentiation, somatic
mutation and receptor editing, recombination of heavy chain genes for
class switching, class switching by gene recombination and
differential splicing of mRNA; production of membrane and secreted IgM.
- Regulation of the immune response:
Regulation by antigen; regulation by antibody; regulation by
lymphocytes; regulation by NK and NK T-cells; regulation by
localization of cells; idiotypic modulation of responses;
neuroendocrine modulation of immune responses; Genetic control of
immune responses.
- Haematology: Full blood count,
differential count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, blood transfusion,
transfusion reactions.
- Diagnostic procedures:
(i)
Immunoassays: Enzyme immunoassays in diagnosis of bacterial
and viral infections, microparticle enzyme immunoassays for detection of
HCV and other viral infections, radioimmunoassay, immunoturbidometry,
immunofluorescence, fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS).
(ii)
Assays for antigens: HbcAg, HbsAg, Western blotting for
identifying antigen and antibody, ammonium sulfate precipitation of Ag-Ab
complex, assays for tumor markers.
(iii)
Assays for antibodies: IgG, IgM, IgE, anti-HBV DNA, assay of
antibody in thyroid disesses (T3, T4 assays),
anti-double stranded and ant-single stranded DNA antibodies, autoimmune
hemolytic anemia, autoimmune diabetes, pernicious anemia, diagnostic and
prognostic value of autoantibodies, Ferritin-conjugated antibodies for
electron microscopy, complement deficiencies.
(iv)
Immunoassays of hormones: Estrogen, progesterone, cortisone,
prolactine, latex agglutination test
(v)
Chromosomal aberrations
- Other immunotechniques: Haemagglutination
titer and assay for Ab-secreting cells, separation and identification
of protein or antigen, hybridoma technology and monoclonal antibodies,
side effects of antibody therapy, gene-targeted knockout mice,
knock-in technology, SCID mice and SCID-human mice.
- Hazards and quality control in diagnostic
laboratory: Hazards from dangerous chemicals, infected specimens
and faulty apparatus; Precision, accuracy, reference value,
interpretation of results.
Recommended books:
-
Immunology (6th edition)
Ivan Roitt, Jonathan
Brostoff and David Male
Mosby, Harcourt
publishers.
- Roitt’s Essential Immunology (10th
edition)
Ivan
Roitt, and Peter J. Delves
Blackwell Science
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology (5th
edition)
Abul K. Abbas and Andrew
H. Lichtman
Saunders, Elsevier
Science
- Immunology and Immunopathology
Ashim K. Chakravarty
Oxford University Press
- Clinical Immunology
Provash Sen Gupta
Oxford University Press
- Basic and Clinical Immunology
Mark Peakman and Diego
Vergani
Elsevier Science
- Text book of Biochemistry with Clinical
Correlations
Thomas M Devlin
John Wiley and Sons
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GEB 504: Food and
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology(1 unit)
1. Fermentation Technology:
a.
Fermentor/bioreactor: types, configuration, mixing and aeration;
power requirements, impeller designs, baffle and aeration. Membrane
bioreactor.
b.
Inoculums preparation and inoculums development.
c.
Fermentation modeling: rate equations or cell growth, substrate
utilization, product formation, transfer across phase boundaries.
d.
Mode of fermentation: fed, batch and continuous culture; process
and its control. pH, dissolve oxygen and related sensors.
2. Food and
Enzymes:
a. Production of
Cultures for Food Fermentations: General Principles of cultures
maintenance and preparation. Bacterial Cultures, Yeast Cultures and Mold
cultures.
b. Food fermentations:
Bread, Malt Beverages, Vinegar, Fermented Vegetables, Fermented Dairy
products, Oriental Fermented Food.
c. Foods and enzymes
from Microorganisms: Microorganisms as Food: Single cells protein, Fats
from Microorganisms, Production of Amino acids, Production of other
substances added to foods, Production of Enzymes.
3. Contamination,
Spoilage and Preservation of different kinds of foods:
Cereals and Cereals products,
Vegetables and Fruits, Fish and other Sea foods, Poultry, Milk and Milk
products, Canned foods.
4. Food borne disease and food safety:
Food borne infection and intoxication,
Investigation of food borne disease outbreak: Objectives of
investigation, Personnel, Materials and Equipment for investigation,
Laboratory testing and Interpretation of result, Preventive measures.
5. GM foods, Food security and General ethical
concern:
Foods produced using modern biotechnology, Impacts
of GM foods on human health and environment, The challenges to food
security, Attaining food security, Globalization and market access of GM
foods, Public perception, Labeling of GM foods and consumer choice.
Pharmaceutical
Biotechnology
1.
Introduction to biopharmaceuticals: Biotechnology versus
Pharmaceutical biotechnology, Historical perspective of pharmaceutical
biotechnology. Traditional pharmaceuticals of biological origin:
Pharmaceuticals of animal, Plant and microbial origin. Pharmacokinetics.
2.
Drug development: Drug discovery, Impact of genomics,
Proteomics and related technologies upon drug discovery; Transforming
new molecular entities into drug, Application of biotechnologies in drug
development; Biologic drug development and approval: pre-clinical and
clinical trials;
3.
Therapeutics based on biotechnology: Interferons,
Hormones, Enzymes, Antibiotics, Antibodies, Vaccines, Adjuvant
technology, Blood products, Nucleic acid therapics.
4.
Advanced drug delivery: Basic principles; Controlled and
sustained release: Polymer-based drug carriers, Lipid-membrane-based
drug carriers; Permeation enhancement; Molecular approaches of drug
delivery
5.
Integration of pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenetics:
Historical perspective, Metabolism and transport, Therapeutic response.
Recommended books:
1.
Principle of fermentation technology – P.F. Stanbury and Whitaker
2.
Fermentation: a practical approach – B. McNeil and Harvey, IRL
Press, Oxford.
3.
Prescott & Dunn’s Industrial Microbiology – Gerald Reed
4.
Food microbiology- W. C. Frazier and D. C. Westhoff
5.
Biotechnology, Vol. 9. H. J. Rehm and G. Reed
6.
Codex Alimentarius commission. Principles for the risk analysis
of foods derived from modern biotechnology. FAO/WHO, Rome, 2003.
7. Biopharmaceuticals: Biochemistry and
Biotechnology by Gary Walsh
8. Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals by Rodney
J.Y. Ho and Milo Gibaldi
9. Pharmaceutical Microbiology by Hugo and Russel.
10. Basic Biotechnology-Edited by John Bulock and Bjorn Kristiansen.
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GEB 505: Business Perspectives of Biotechnology(1
init)
1.
Bussiness management: The Company, its
environment, stakeholders, Corporate Strategies, Some Basic economic
principles (e.g. Profit maximisation, Shareholder Value), Bussiness
planning and Decision making processes and supporting tools, Methods of
business analysis, Introduction into Technology Development,
Introduction into Procurement, Introduction into Operations management,
Introduction into Marketing/Sales.
2.
Project management: Fundamentals of Project
Management, The life cycle of a project: (Project definition; project
planning; project execution and -controlling; project close out), Tools
and methods of project management (e.g. planning methods; problem
solving methods), Social competence in Project Management (teamwork;
communication)
3.
Cost accounting and management: Basics of
cost accounting, Structure of cost accounting, Approaches of cost
accounting.
4.
Price Estimation: Cost estimates, Process
design, Design exercise, Marginal cost, Marginal Revenue,
Determining cost of capital.
5. Basic issues in planning and credit:
Current Challenges, Structure of today’s Controlling.
6.
Multidimensional Controlling: Time and
quality-based Controlling, Auditing
7.
Practical applicaticates of bussiness biotechnology:
Biotechnology used for, Biotechnological companies-their care and
nuturing, investment in biotechnology, management needs.
8. The
Biotechnology Industry: Environmental Release of Genetically
Modified Organisms; Product Labeling, Technology Transfer; Health
Insurance and Reimbursement; Entrepreneurship, Venture Capital, and the
Life Cycle of a Biotechnology Company; Public Perceptions of Biotech
Products; The Global Marketplace for Biotechnology Products
9.
Commercialization, Marketing and Management of Biotechnological Products:
Fundamentals of Marketing, The marketing and selling of Biotechnology,
Creating and marketing the image of the biotechnology Company, Power and
importance of Positioning of a company name and product, The Art of
Negotiation, Workable marketing and the strength of distribution,
Effective advertising and marketing, Opportunities of international,
marketing and lessons to be learnt, Steps involved in commercialization
of a biotechnological product.
10. Intellectual Property Rights in
Biotechnology:
a. Introduction: General
Introduction., Patent Claims, The Legal Decision-Making Process,
Ownership of Intellectual Property.
b. Basic Requirements of
Patentability: Patentable Subject Matter. Novelty and the Public
Domain.
c. Special Issue in Biotechnology
Patents: Disclosure Requirements, Collaborative Research,
Competitive Research, Foreign Patents.
d. Patent
Litigation: Substantive Aspects of Patent Litigation, Procedural
Aspects of Patent Litigation., and Recent Developments in Patent System
and Patentability of Biotechnological invention.
Recommended books:
-
Basic Biotechnology by Colin Ratledge (seminar copy)
-
Harold Koontz and heint Weihrich, management, McGraw-Hill book
Company, New York (USA).
- P.
Chanda, Project; Preparation, Appraisal, Budgeting and
Implementatation, Tata-Mcgraw-Hil, Publishing company LTD, New Delhi
India.
- R.
J. Ruffin and P.R. Gregary, Priciples of Microeconomics, Scott
Foreguson and company, illinosis.
- 1. Introduction
to Biotechnology by William J. Thieman and Michael A. Palladino.
2004. Pearson Education/Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco CA. ISBN
0-8053-4825-5.
6. The ethical dimensions of the biological sciences.
Edited by Ruth Ellen
Bulger et al. NY: Cambridge University Press.
1993.
7. The coming
biotech age: The business of biomaterials. by
Richard Oliver. NY: McGraw Hill. 2000.
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GEB 506: Environmental
and Agricultural Biotechnology(1 unit)
A. Environmental Biotechnology
- Introduction to
ecology and ecosystem.
2.
Stoichiometry,
kinetics, and thermodynamics of microbial processes for the
transformation
of environmental contaminants.
Design of dispersed growth and biofilm-based processes.
3.
Environmental
Influences on Microbial Activity: Temperature, pH, Water activity
Redox potential, Inorganic nutrients
4.
Biotechnology
of the marine environment: Pharmaceuticals, Molecular Biology product,
Polymers, Enzymes and transgenic organisms, Micro algae and Marine
pollution.
5.
Solid waste
management : landfills, composting, earthworm treatment, recycling and
processing of organic residues. Wasteland : Uses and management,
bioremediation and bio restoration of contaminated lands. Natural
resource recovery: Oil recovery, Recovery of metals.
6.
Biofuels:
Fossil fuels- Supply and Emissions, remediation of the Emissions,
Greenhouse
gases and their natural
sources, Biological energy sources, Ozone, sulphur dioxide, Biogas,
Biodiesel, ethanol, hydrogen, combustion of biomass.
7.
Drinking water
treatment: Aerobic Biofilm processes to eliminate Biological
instability, Release of microorganisms, Biodegradation of organic
compounds, Denitrification.
B.
Agricultural Biotechnology
1. Production of disease free plants : shoot - tip - cultures,
shoot - tip -grafting, viricidal compounds. Plant cell cultures for
the production of useful
chemicals :
pigments perfumes, flavours, insecticides, anticancer agents and
pharmacologically important compounds.
2. Molecular biology of
nitrogen fixation, nif-gene transfer, herbicide resistance and stress
tolerance in plants.
3. Transgenic Plants analysis and
expression (DNA Analysis)
• Insect resistance, • Abiotic stress, •
Herbicide tolerance, • Virus resistance• Adaptation to soil salinity and
drought • Biopharming, • Value-added traits
4. Protoplast isolation, culture
and fusion, selection of hybrid cells and regeneration of hybrid plants,
somatic hybridization and cybridization.
5. Isolation and
characterization of organelle genome (Plastome and Chonodriosome).
Preservation of rare plant species germplasm collection and
conservation.
6. Molecular Breeding: Plants & Animals (Molecular Markers for
Breeding)
7. Edible vaccines and its applications
Recommended books:
1.
Comprehensive Biotechnology (Vol. 1-4): M.Y.Young (Eds.), Pergamon
Press, Oxford.
2.
Environmental Microbiology : W.D. Grant & P.E. Long, Blakie,
Glassgow and London.
3.
Microbial Gene Technology : H. Polasa (ED.) South Asian
Publishers, New Delhi.
4.
Environmental
Biotechnology: Principles and Applications, by Bruce Rittmann and Perry
McCarty
5.
Environmental
Biotechnology: Alan Scargg, OXFORD international Press, 2nd
edn
6.
Molecular Biotechnology: Principles
& Applications of Recombinant DNA, Glick & Pasternick—Required New 3rd
edition.
7.
Molecular Biotechnology,
Primrose--Reference (Previous Text)
8.
Culture of Animals Cells: A Manual
of Basic Techniques, Freshney—Reference.
9.
Genome
Organization and Expression in Plants : C.J. Lever, plenum press
10.
Plant
Molecular biology : D. Grierson & S.N. Covey Blackie, London.
11.
Transgenic
Plants Vol. 1 & 2 : S-d. Kung and R. Wu (1993), Academic Press, San
Diego
12.
Plant Tissue
Culture: Applications and Limitations. S.S. Bhojwani (1990),
Elsevier, Amsterdam.
13.
Plant
biotechnology In Agriculture : K. Lindsey and M.G.K. Jones (1990),
Prentice hall, New
Jersey.
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GEB
507: Seminar(½ unit)
In
this course each student will have to present a full paper that has been
published in an international journal (approved by the departmental
academic committee).
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GEB 508: Practical(1 unit)
GEB 509: Viva voce (½ Unit)
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